We often hear the noble Hadeeth “Women are deficient in their intelligence and in their Deen” and some men use this Hadeeth as a form of belittlement towards the women. We desire from you O noble shaykh, clarification of the meaning of this Hadeeth?

The meaning of the Hadeeth of the Messenger of Allaah (sal-Allaahu ‘alayhe wa sallam):

“I have never seen anyone with a deficiency of ‘Aql (intellect) and Deen (religion) who are more overpowering to men than one of you [women].”

So it was said:

“O Messenger of Allaah, what is the deficiency in her intelligence?”

He said:

“Isn’t the witness of two women equal to that of one man?”

So it was said:

“What is the deficiency in her Deen?”

So he said:

“Isn’t it the case that if she is menstruating she doesn’t pray or fast?”

So the Messenger (sal-Allaahu ‘alayhe wa sallam) clarified that the deficiency of her intellect was from the angle of her weak memory and that her testimony is strengthened with the testimony of another woman. This is because of the preciseness of the witness (in Islaam) and because she could forget and make an addition or deletion to the testimony. Just as Allaah says:

{And bring forth two witnesses from your own men. If there are not two men (available) then a man and two women, such as you agree for witnesses, so that if one of them (two women) errs then the other can remind her…} [2282]

As for deficiency in her Deen, then it is because during her state of menstruation and post-partum bleeding, she abandons the Salaat and fasting, and she doesn’t make up the salaat. This is from the deficiency in her Deen. But this deficiency is not blameworthy upon her. Rather it is a deficiency, which happens as a result of that which Allaah had decreed for her and this was done in a manner of leniency and easiness towards her. For if she were to fast in a state of menstruation or in a state of postpartum bleeding it would harm her. So from the Mercy of Allaah (towards women) He has legislated for her to abandon the fast at the time when she is menstruating or in a state of Nifaas, and to make up the fast afterwards. As for the salaat, then without a doubt, the state of menstruation prevents her from purification. So from the mercy of Allaah, He legislated for her to abandon her prayer and likewise in the state of Nifaas.

He also legislated for her not to make it up, because in making up the (Salaat) is difficulty, because the Salaat is tremendous, and repetitious, five times throughout the night and day, and the days of menstruation can be plentiful, sometimes seven or eight days or more than that. And the Nifaas could reach 40 days. So from the mercy of Allaah upon her and from His Ihsaan (doing good) towards her is that He removed the Salaat from her whether it be the initial Salaat or the make-up. And this does not necessitate that her intelligence is deficient in everything! Nor that her Deen is deficient in everything! But indeed the Messenger (saw) clarified that the deficiency in her intelligence is from that which happens to her from the lack of precision in her memory and testimony, and that the deficiency in her Deen is from the fact that she leaves off the prayer and fasting at the time of her menses or in the state of Nifaas. Also this doesn’t necessitate that she is less than a man in everything! or the fact that the man is better in everything! Yes, generally the male gender is better than the gender of the females generally for many reasons. Just as Allaah the High and Sublime says:

{Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allaah has made one of them to excel the other, and because they spend their wealth (to support them)…} [434]

But she can surpass him, sometimes, in many things. And by Allaah how many women surpass many men in their intelligence, Deen and precision! But verily that which is narrated on the Messenger (sal-Allaahu ‘alayhe wa sallam) is that the women are surpassed by men, generally, in intelligence and in the religion only. There can proceed from her many righteous actions, in which, she can surpass the men and in her Taqwah of Allaah, Azza Wa Jall, and in her station in the hereafter. There could be some affairs that she places great importance on and is precise in them more so than the precision of a man. There are many issues, which she carefully considers, and is diligent in memorizing and precise in. She would become the foundation in Islaamic history and point of reference in many affairs and this is clear to those who ponder and reflect on the state of the women during the time of the Prophet (sal-Allaahu ‘alayhe wa sallam) and after that. With this it should be understood that this deficiency should not prevent her from being treated equally in her narrations and in her testimony, if it is strengthened with the testimony of another woman.

And it doesn’t necessarily mean that it (this deficiency) should prevent her from having Taqwah of Allaah and the fact that she could be from the most virtuous slaves of Allaah if she is upright in her Deen, even if the fasting and Salaat is not obligatory upon her at the time of menstruation and Nifaas rather this is a deficiency which is specific to the intellect and Deen just as the Messenger (sal-Allaahu ‘alayhe wa sallam) clarified. It is not appropriate that a believer should accuse her of being deficient in everything and weak in every area of her Deen, and its clarification is pertinent and important so that the speech of the Messenger is understood in it’s proper context and in the best possible manner.

And Allaah knows best.

“And march forth in the way (which leads to) forgiveness from your Lord, and for Paradise as wide as are the heavens and the earth, prepared for Al Muttaqoon.” (Surah al Imraan: 133)

1. Bringing The Self To Account For His Deeds

Allah subhana wa ta’ala says in the Qur’an:

“O you who believe! Fear Allah and keep your duty to Him. And let every person look to what he has sent forth for the morrow, and fear Allah. Verily, Allah is All-Aware of what you do.” (Surah al Hashr :18)

When a Muslim takes account of his own deeds he is able to realize his mistakes and correct them. Those who do not engage in accounting their own deeds, only condemn themselves in front of Allah subhana wa ta’ala. Allah aza wa jal said in the Qur’an:

“So, by your Lord (O Muhammad) We shall certainly call all of them to account. For all that they used to do.” (Surah al Hijr:92-93)

Ibn Qayyim rahimuh Allah said “Condemning oneself is a practice of the truthful. A servant draws closer to Allah in a moment (when he condemns himself) much more than he would do so through actions.”

When a Muslim takes account of his actions, he is able to realize the right of Allah over him. Ibn Qayyim also said “A benefit of understanding Allah’s right over the servant is that it breeds condemnation of oneself and delivers one from showing off and vanity. It also opens the door of humbleness in front of Allah and closes the doors of conceit. It allows one to realize that salvation is only through Allah’s grace and mercy. It is Allah’s right that He should be obeyed and not disobeyed: that He should be remembered and not forgotten and that He should be appreciated and not unappreciated. Whoever thinks over these things will know with certainty that he cannot fulfill these conditions and, thus, has to resort to Allah’s mercy. Such a person will be convinced that he cannot rely on his actions, lest he be destroyed. Many people think about their rights over Allah and do not about His rights over them. This is how there are detached from Allah and deprived of the desire to meet Him. This is the epitome of ignorance of their Lord and of themselves.” (Ighathatul lahfaan 1/99-101; secondary reference)

A’isha radi Allahu anha was once asked about the verse,

“Then We gave the Book the Qur’an) for inheritance to such of Our slaves whom We chose (the followers of Muhammad) Then of them are some who wrong their ownselves, and of them are some who follow a middle course, and of them are some who are, by Allah’s Leave, foremost in good deeds. That (inheritance of the Qur’an), that is indeed a great grace.” (Surah Fatir:32)

She answered “‘My son! They are in Paradise. Those who raced towards good deeds are those who lived during the time of Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam who testified to their sustenance and Paradise. As for those who were moderate, they followed him among his companions and caught up with him. And as for those who wronged themselves are concerned., they are people like me and you.”

Abu Darda radi Allahu anhu said “No one can achieve complete understanding of Islam until he condemns people for the sake of Allah and then returns home and condemns himself even more.”

Imam Ahmed rahimu Allah related from Wahab ibn Munabbah rahimu Allah “It is written from the family of Dawood alayhi salam “An intelligent person should not be distracted on four occasions; when he is supplicating to his Lord, when he is auditing himself, when he is being informed by his friends about his shortcomings, and when he is alone with himself.”

Omar radi Allahu anhu said “Take account of yourselves before you are taken to account [by someone else], weigh your deeds before they are weighed [by someone else].”

Hasan al Basri rahimahu Allah said about the verse “No. I do swear by the criticizing self…” (Surah Qiyamah:2) : A believer will always be critical of himself in his food, his drink and his speech. A sinner will not criticize himself.” He also said “A believer is a guardian over himself: he acounts himself for Allah. Those who take account of themselves in this world will be audited lightly in the Hereafter. Those who take this issue lightly will find their auditing very difficult.”

2. Disciplining One’s Self For Its Shortcomings

We are not made perfect by Allah subhana wa ta’ala and we inevitably have our shortcomings. The pious predecessors differed with us in that they were harsh on themselves when it came to their shortcomings because they knew that obedience can be very difficult.

In the Qur’an we are told that (Iblis) said:

“Because you have sent me astray, surely I will sit in wait against them (human beings) on Your straight path. Then I will come to them from before them and behind them, from their right and from their left, and You will not find most of them as thankful ones.” (7:12-17)

The pious predecessors were always fully aware of this and did everything to their capability to take their souls into account for its shortcomings, all out fear, love and hope in Allah subhana wa ta’ala.

Tameem Dari radi Allahu anhu failed to wake up for Tahajjud one night and he stayed awake at nights in prayer the whole of the next year. Talhah radi Allahu anhu became preoccupied with a bird on his wall on his orchard while he prayed and he donated the wall as redemption for that shortcoming. Imam Muhammad ibn Sireen narrated that Abu Hurairah radi Allahu anhu said “Sometimes I fell unconscious in between the mimbar of rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam and the chamber of A’isha. People would say “Maybe he is mad!” However, Allah knows best that I am not mad, but my hunger made me fall.” Omar radi Allahu anhu gave a piece of land when he missed ‘Asr prayers in a group, and ibn Omar used to stay awake the whole night if he missed a group prayer and then he would free two slaves.

Allah said in the Qur’an “And those who kept their duty to their Lord will be led to Paradise in groups, till, when they reach it, and its gates will be opened (before their arrival for their reception) and its keepers will say: Salamun ‘Alaikum (peace be upon you)! You have done well, so enter here to abide therein.” (Surah al Zumar:73)

3. Bringing The Self To Do Actions Of Obedience

When a Muslim knows the value of the Hereafter, making an effort to have a pleasant abode is no longer difficult. This is why the pious predecessors acted upon the Qur’an and Sunnah. Abu Bakr Siddiq radi Allahu anhu said “Whoever enters his grave without any provisions is like the one who mounts the sea without a ship.”

Bringing the self to do actions of obedience to Allah has a great deal to do with being content by Allah’s subhana wa ta’ala decree. This state can only be attained by those who seek to have great knowledge and love. And so, by this it is possible to find pleasure in whatever they have been given by Allah whether it is a trial or a tribulation, JUST BECAUSE, it comes from Allah subhana wa ta’ala.

Allah said in the Qur’an “Whoever acts righteously, whether male or female, and is a believer, We will surely give him life with a good life, and We will surely give them their reward in accordance with the best of what they used to do…” (16:97)

Ahmad bin Bindar narrated that Abu Hurairah cried during his last illness, and when asked about it he said “Surely I am not crying being attached to your world, but rather for the long journey awaiting me, and the little provisions I have prepared for it. This morning, I am descending upon either paradise, or hell, and I have no idea towards which of the two I will be taken!”

Narrated Muawiya: I heard the Prophet saying, “A group of people amongst my followers will remain obedient to Allah’s orders and they will not be harmed by anyone who will not help them or who will oppose them, till Allah’s Order (the Last Day) comes upon them while they are still on the right path.” (Sahih Bukhari: Volume 4, Book 56, Number 835)

Abdu Rahman ibn Abdullah bin Mas’ud narrated that someone asked his father “O Abu Abdu Rahman, teach me a few words that are all-encompassing and beneficial, so that I will need no further elaboration!” Ibn Mas’ud said “Worship Allah and associate nothing with Him. Live by the dictates of the Qur’an and pursue its guidance. Accept the truth and justice even if they come from a stranger you do not recognize, or even from someone you disregard as despicable, and refute falsehood even if it comes from a sibling you love.”

Yahya ibn Mu’adh rahimu Allah said “Congratulations to those who leave the world before it deserts them; to those who build their graves before they enter them; and to those who please their Lord before they meet Him.”

Thus we should try to bring ourselves to the very best of our abilities to do actions of obedience to Allah subhana wa ta’ala.

In Sahih Muslim it has been related that on the authority of A’isha radi Allahu anha that rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam said “Everyone of the children of Adam has been created with three hundred and sixty joints; so he who declares the Glory of Allah, praises Allah, and declares Allah to be one, Glorifies Allah, and seeks forgiveness from Allah, and removes stone, or thorn, or bone from people’s path, and enjoins what is good and forbids what is evil, to the number of those three hundred and sixty, will walk that having removed himself from hell.”

Abu Dharr radi Allahu anhu reported “Some of the people from among the companions of Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam said to him: “O rasulullah the rich have taken away all the reward. They observe prayer as we do; they keep the fasts as we keep, and they give sadaqa out of their surplus riches. Upon this rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam said “Has Allah not prescribed for you by following which you can also do sadaqa? In every declaration of the glorification of Allah there is sadaqa, and every takbir there is sadaqa and ever declaration that He is One is a sadaqa, and enjoining of good is a sadaqa, and forbidding of that which is evil is a sadaqa, and in man’s sexual intercourse with his wife there is sadaqa.” The companions said “Rasulullah is there reward for him who satisfies his sexual passion among us?” He said “Tell me if he were to devote it to something forbidden, would it not be a sin on his part? Similarly, if he were to devote it to something lawful, he should have a reward.” (Muslim)

Abu Dharr radi Allahu anhu asked rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam “Which action is best?” Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam said “Faith in Allah and Jihad in the way of Allah.” He asked “Which neck is best for emancipation?” Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam said “That which is dearest of them in price and most valuable of them near its masters.” He asked “If I cannot do it?” Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam said “You shall help a laborer or work for one who is disabled.” He asked “If I cannot do it?” Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam said “You shall call the people from wrong doing, because it is charity which you bestow upon yourself.” (Agreed upon/Riyadhus saleheen)

Allah subhana wa ta’ala said in the Qur’an “If anyone does a righteous deed, it is for his own soul.” (45:15) And, He has promised us in the Qur’an “And whoso does good an atom’s weight will see it then.” (99:7)

4. Seeking The Company And Knowledge Of The Pious

Unnecessary company is a disease that causes much harm. The wrong kind of companionships often afford one to be deprived of Allah’s blessings Companionship in this life should be beneficial for one’s akhirah. Ibn Qayyim rahimu Allah cites four different kinds of companionships:

a) People whose company is like food. It is indispensable, night or day. Once we have taken our need from this company we can leave it until we need it again. These are people with knowledge of Allah, who are pious, who wish well for Allah, His prophet and His servants. Associating with them is an achievement in itself.

b) People whose company is like a medicine. Their company is only needed when a disease sets in. When you are healthy you have no need for them, but mixing with them is sometimes necessary such as livelihood, business and consultation. Once what you need has been fulfilled, mixing with them should be avoided.

c) People whose company is harmful. Mixing with these people is like a disease, in all its variety and degrees. You will never benefit from them in this life or in the next life if you have them for company. You will lose either one or both of your deen and your livelihood because of them. If their companionship has taken hold of you and is established then it becomes fatal.

Among such people are those who neither speak any good that might benefit you, nor listen closely to you so that they might benefit from you. They do not know their souls. Their words are like lashes, while all the while they are full of admiration for and delight in their own words. They cause distress to their company, while believe they are the center of attraction. Mixing with such a person will inevitably come to an end and is destined to be doomed. In such cases a person should just hold on to good behavior, only presenting such company with his outward appearance, until Allah subhana wa ta’ala offers him a way out of this company and out of its afflictions.

d) People whose company is evil in itself. This is like taking poison, its victim either finds an antidote for it or dies. Many belong to this category. They are people of shirk and misguidance who abandon the Sunnah and bring their personal beliefs as the truth. A Muslim should not sit in their company nor mix with them. The result of which will be a death of the heart.

With these kinds of companionships, we need to be more aware of what we choose to surround ourselvers with. In addition, Hasan al Basri said “The heart becomes corrupt in six ways: commiting sins in the hope of repenting, seeking knowledge and not applying it, practice without ikhlas (sincerity), eating the sustenance of Allah without appreciating Him, not being please with Allah’s decree and burying the dead without learning from them.”

Thus, in our effort to have increased taqwa we must surround ourselves with company who only seek to please Allah subhana wa ta’ala in speech and in actions. We must also take time to acquire knowledge from the pious of the past and of the present. And finally, we likewise must make an effort to keep company of those who are hungry for knowledge about Allah subhana wa ta’ala and Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam.

From al-Wâbil as-Sayyib min al-Kalim at-Tayyib

Translated by Micheal Abdur-Rahmân Fitzgerald and Moulay Youssef Slitine

I heard the Shaykh of Islâm, Ibn Taymiyyah – may Allâh sanctify his soul – say, ‘Truly, there is a Heaven in this world, [and] whoever does not enter it, will not enter the Heaven of the next world.’ And once he said to me, ‘What can my enemies do to me? I have in my breast both my Heaven and my garden. If I travel they are with me, and they never leave me. Imprisonment for me is a religious retreat [khalwa]. To be slain for me is martyrdom and to be exiled from my land is a spiritual journey [siyaha].’
During his imprisonment in the fortress, he would say, ‘I could not be more grateful for this blessing were I to have this entire fortress in gold’; or, ‘I could never repay them for the good that has come to me in [this prison].’ [Ibn al-Qayyim accompanied Ibn Taymiyyah to prison (cf. Introduction).] And in prostration he would say, whilst in a state of imprisonment ‘O Allâh, help me in my gratitude to You, remembrance of You and the most comely worship of You’ as much as Allâh willed. [A prayer recommended by the Prophet to Mu'adh. Nasâ'î, Sahw, 1286; Abû Dâwûd, Salât, 1301]

Once he said to me, ‘The real prisoner is someone whose heart is imprisoned from his Lord; the true captive is someone captured by his passions.’ And when he entered the fortress and was inside its walls, he gazed upon them and recited the verse, ‘And a wall between them is struck which has a gate. On the inside there is a mercy, on the outside punishment.’ [Qur'ân LVII:13]

Allâh knows, I have never seen anyone who had a better life than his. Despite the difficulties and all that expunges comfort and luxury, nay, things completely opposite to them; despite intimidation and oppression, Ibn Taymiyyah had a purer life than anyone could. He was the most generous, the strongest of heart and the most joyful of soul, with ‘the radiance of bliss’ on his face. ['Nadratun al-na'im'. Qur'ân LXXXIII:24]

When we were seized with fear and our thoughts [about Allâh's decree] turned negative, and the earth grew narrow for us, we would go to him. No sooner did we look at him and hear his words than all these [feelings] would leave us, to be replaced by relief, strength, certainty and tranquillity. So glory be to the One who lets His servants witness His Heaven well before they meet Him, who opens its doors to them in this world of deeds and who gives them something of its refreshment, its breeze and its perfume – that they might seek it and hasten towards it with all their strength.

A gnostic once said, ‘If kings and the sons of kings knew what we had , they would try to take it from us by the sword!’ Another said: ‘How pitiful, the worldly people! They leave this life without ever having tasted the sweetest thing in it.’ When asked what that was, he replied, ‘The love of Allâh, the knowledge of Allâh and the remembrance of Allâh,’ or words to that effect. [Possibly referring to the saying by 'Abdullâh ibn al-Mubârak: 'Worldly people leave the world before having feasted on the sweetest thing in it.' They asked him what that was and he answered, 'The knowledge of Almighty Alâh.' Isfahânî, Hilyâ, VIII:167] Another said: ‘There are times when the heart dances in joy.’ And another said, ‘There are times when I say, If the people of Heaven have anything like this, how truly sweet their lives!’

To love Allâh, to know Him intimately, to remember Him constantly, to find peace and rest in Him, to make Him alone the [ultimate] object of love, fear, hope and trust; to base one’s act on His control of His servant’s cares, aspirations and will – such is the world’s Heaven, and such is a blessing with which no other blessing can compare. It is by this that the hearts of those who love Allâh are gladdened and that the gnostics find life. As their hearts are gladdened by Allâh, so others are gladdened by them. For whoever finds his source of gladness in Allâh, gladdens all hearts; whoever does not, finds nothing in this world but restlessness.

Anyone with life in his heart will confirm this. But someone whose heart is dead will only estrange you from Allâh; and so seek intimacy [with Allâh] without him, when you can, for his mere presence will estrange you. If you are tested by him, show him only your outer aspect, but leave him behind in your heart. Depart from him with your soul and do not let him distract you from the one who is most important to you. Know that the greatest of all losses is the involvement with someone who weakens your relationship and standing with Allâh, cutting you off from Him, wasting your time, dispersing your heart, weakening your resolve and dividing your aspirations. Therefore, if you are tested with this [kind of situation] – and it is inevitable that you will be – then bear up for the sake of Allâh, and acknowledge Him as much as you are able.

Draw near to Allâh by whatever of it pleases Him. Make your association [with worldly people] a profit not a loss. Be like the man travelling along, whom another invites to stop: seek to take him along with you. When he comes along, lead him but be not lead by him. And if he refuses, and you have no hope that he will journey, then [at least] do not let him detain you. Rather, hasten on, pay him no heed. Do not [even] turn in his direction, for he is a highway robber regardless.

Protect your heart and be careful of how you spend your day and your night. Let not the sun set on you before you reach camp, ‘lest you be carried off’. Nor let the dawn find you abandoned in the camp after the caravan has moved on, and the time is nigh for you to reach them. [There are some omissions in the arabic editions here. The sense of the last sentence is not at all together clear.]

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Al-Waabilus-Sayyib (p.80).